[[["易于理解","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["解决了我的问题","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["其他","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["没有我需要的信息","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["太复杂/步骤太多","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["内容需要更新","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["翻译问题","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["示例/代码问题","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["其他","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["最后更新时间 (UTC):2024-08-16。"],[],[],null,["In the interactive exercises below, you'll further explore the inner workings of\nneural networks. First, you'll see how parameter and hyperparameter changes\naffect the network's predictions. Then you'll use what you've learned to train a\nneural network to fit nonlinear data.\n\nExercise 1\n\nThe following widget sets up a neural network with the following configuration:\n\n- Input layer with 3 neurons containing the values `0.00`, `0.00`, and `0.00`\n- Hidden layer with 4 neurons\n- Output layer with 1 neuron\n- [**ReLU**](/machine-learning/glossary#ReLU) activation function applied to all hidden layer nodes and the output node\n\nReview the initial setup of the network (note: **do not** click the **▶️** or\n**\\\u003e\\|** buttons yet), and then complete the tasks below the widget.\n\nTask 1\n\nThe values for the three input features to the neural network model are all\n`0.00`. Click each of the nodes in the network to see all the initialized\nvalues. Before hitting the Play (**▶️**) button, answer this question: \nWhat kind of output value do you think will be produced: positive, negative, or 0? \nPositive output value \nYou chose **positive\noutput value**. Follow the instructions below to perform inference on the input data and see if you're right. \nNegative output value \nYou chose **negative\noutput value**. Follow the instructions below to perform inference on the input data and see if you're right. \nOutput value of 0 \nYou chose **output\nvalue of 0**. Follow the instructions below to perform inference on the input data and see if you're right.\n\nNow click the Play (▶️) button above the network, and watch all the hidden-layer\nand output node values populate. Was your answer above correct? \n**Click here for an explanation**\n\nThe exact output value you get will vary based on how the weight\nand bias parameters are randomly initialized. However, since each neuron\nin the input layer has a value of 0, the weights used to calculate the\nhidden-layer node values will all be zeroed out. For example, the first\nhidden layer node calculation will be:\n\ny = ReLU(w~11~\\* 0.00 + w~21~\\* 0.00 + w~31~\\* 0.00 + b)\n\ny = ReLU(b)\n\nSo each hidden-layer node's value will be equal to the ReLU value of the\nbias (b), which will be 0 if b is negative and b itself if b is 0 or\npositive.\n\nThe value of the output node will then be calculated as follows:\n\ny = ReLU(w~11~\\* x~11~ + w~21~\\* x~21~\n+ w~31~\\* x~31~ + w~41~\\* x~41~ + b)\n\nTask 2\n\nBefore modifying the neural network, answer the following question: \nIf you add another hidden layer to the neural network after the first hidden layer, and give this new layer 3 nodes, keeping all input and weight/bias parameters the same, which other nodes' calculations will be affected? \nAll the nodes in the network, except the input nodes \nYou chose **all the\nnodes in the network, except the input nodes**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct. \nJust the nodes in the first hidden layer \nYou chose **just the\nnodes in the first hidden layer**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct. \nJust the output node \nYou chose **just the\noutput node**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct.\n\nNow modify the neural network to add a new hidden layer with 3 nodes as follows:\n\n1. Click the **+** button to the left of the text **1 hidden layer** to add a new hidden layer before the output layer.\n2. Click the **+** button above the new hidden layer twice to add 2 more nodes to the layer.\n\nWas your answer above correct? \n**Click here for an explanation**\n\nOnly the output node changes. Because inference for this neural network\nis \"feed-forward\" (calculations progress from start to finish), the addition\nof a new layer to the network will only affect nodes *after* the new\nlayer, not those that precede it.\n\nTask 3\n\nClick the second node (from the top) in the first hidden layer of the network\ngraph. Before making any changes to the network configuration, answer the\nfollowing question: \nIf you change the value of the weight w~12~ (displayed below the first input node, x~1~), which other nodes' calculations *could* be affected for some input values? \nNone \nYou chose **none**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct. \nThe second node in the first hidden layer, all the nodes in the second hidden layer, and the output node. \nYou chose **the second\nnode in the first hidden layer, all the nodes in the second hidden layer,\nand the output node**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct. \nAll the nodes in the first hidden layer, the second hidden layer, and the output layer. \nYou chose **all the\nnodes in the first hidden layer, the second hidden layer, and the\noutput layer**. Follow the instructions below to update the neural network and see if you're correct.\n\nNow, click in the text field for the weight w~12~ (displayed below the\nfirst input node, x~1~), change its value to `5.00`, and hit Enter.\nObserve the updates to the graph.\n\nWas your answer correct? Be careful when verifying your answer: if a node\nvalue doesn't change, does that mean the underlying calculation didn't change? \n**Click here for an explanation**\n\nThe only node affected in the first hidden layer is the second node (the\none you clicked). The value calculations for the other nodes in the first\nhidden layer do not contain w~12~ as a parameter, so they are not\naffected. All the nodes in the second hidden layer are affected, as their\ncalculations depend on the value of the second node in the first\nhidden layer. Similarly, the output node value is affected because its\ncalculations depend on the values of the nodes in the second hidden layer.\n\nDid you think the answer was \"none\" because none of the node values in the\nnetwork changed when you changed the weight value? Note that an underlying\ncalculation for a node may change without changing the node's value\n(e.g., ReLU(0) and ReLU(--5) both produce an output of 0).\nDon't make assumptions about how the network was affected just by\nlooking at the node values; make sure to review the calculations as well.\n\nExercise 2\n\nIn the [Feature cross exercises](/machine-learning/crash-course/categorical-data/feature-cross-exercises)\nin the [Categorical data module](/machine-learning/crash-course/categorical-data),\nyou manually constructed feature crosses to fit nonlinear data.\nNow, you'll see if you can build a neural network that can automatically learn\nhow to fit nonlinear data during training.\n\n**Your task:** configure a neural network that can separate the orange dots from\nthe blue dots in the diagram below, achieving a loss of less than 0.2 on both\nthe training and test data.\n\n**Instructions:**\n\nIn the interactive widget below:\n\n1. Modify the neural network hyperparameters by experimenting with some of the following config settings:\n - Add or remove hidden layers by clicking the **+** and **-** buttons to the left of the **HIDDEN LAYERS** heading in the network diagram.\n - Add or remove neurons from a hidden layer by clicking the **+** and **-** buttons above a hidden-layer column.\n - Change the learning rate by choosing a new value from the **Learning rate** drop-down above the diagram.\n - Change the activation function by choosing a new value from the **Activation** drop-down above the diagram.\n2. Click the Play (▶️) button above the diagram to train the neural network model using the specified parameters.\n3. Observe the visualization of the model fitting the data as training progresses, as well as the [**Test loss**](/machine-learning/glossary#test-loss) and [**Training loss**](/machine-learning/glossary#training-loss) values in the **Output** section.\n4. If the model does not achieve loss below 0.2 on the test and training data, click reset, and repeat steps 1--3 with a different set of configuration settings. Repeat this process until you achieve the preferred results.\n\n**Click here for our solution**\n\nWe were able to achieve both test and training loss below 0.2 by:\n\n- Adding 1 hidden layer containing 3 neurons.\n- Choosing a learning rate of 0.01.\n- Choosing an activation function of ReLU. \n| **Key terms:**\n|\n| - [Test loss](/machine-learning/glossary#test-loss)\n- [Training loss](/machine-learning/glossary#training-loss) \n[Help Center](https://support.google.com/machinelearningeducation)"]]